Ganzfeld Uyarımı

Ganzfeld uyarımı (ganzfeld stimulation) Parapsikoloji laboratuarlarındaki deneylerde denekte duyular-dışı algılamayı harekete geçirmek üzere duyumsal yoksunluk sağlanması (duyumsal uyaranların minimum düzeye indirildiği bir ortam sağlanması) olayına verilen addır.

Önceleri vizüel süreç testlerinde kullanılan terim, 1973 yılından itibaren psi testlerindeki uygulamalar için kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu uyarım sayesinde, beş duyusunu kullanamayan deneğe paranormal algılamalar için bir çeşit fırsat ortamı yaratılmakta, denek, zorunlu olarak duyular-dışı algılama alanına itilmektedir. Fakat beklenen paranormal algılamalardan hangisinin oluşacağı bilinmez; yani denekte bir telepati fenomeni de oluşabilir, durugörü de, prekognisyon da.

Parapsikloglar ganzfeld uyarımını sağlamak üzere, yüzme kabini veya izolasyon kabini denilen,ısısı beden ısısına ayarlı, tuzlu suyla dolu, gürültü ve diğer uyaranlardan yalıtılmış çeşitli kabinler hazırlamışlardır.

vikipedia

Şu konuda daha fazla bilgi edinmek istiyorum tabi bu bilgilerden herkesin faydalanması da önemli . Hadi bi el atıverin

Duyu dışı algılama konusunda bir araştırma tekniğidir.

Bu teknikle yapılan deneylerde, Deneğin (özne) gözkapaklarına birer pinpon topu yerleştirilir. Kulaklık takılarak '' Beyaz Ses '' denilen tıslama ve ıslık sesine benzer ses dinletilir. Kırmızı bir ışık Deneğin gözkapaklarının üzerindeki toplara yansıtılır ve denek bir süre sonra halüsilasyonlar görmeye başlar. Bu noktada odada bulunan diğer kişilere görsel similasyon gösterilir. Kısa bir video gösterisi şeklinde. Gösteriyi syereden kişilerin amacı, gördüklerini telepatik olarak deneğe iletmektir.

Araştırdım biraz bunları buldum. Umarım işine yarar

Between 1974 and 2004, 88 ganzfeld experiments were done, reporting 1,008 hits out of 3,145 tests (a 32.1% hit rate).[11] In 1982, Charles Honorton presented a paper at the annual convention of the Parapsychological Association that summarized the results of the Ganzfeld experiments up to that date, and concluded that they represented sufficient evidence to demonstrate the existence of psi. Ray Hyman, a skeptical psychologist, disagreed. The two men later independently analyzed the same studies, and both presented meta-analyses of them in 1985. Honorton thought that the data at that time indicated the existence of psi, and Hyman did not.[12][13]

Hyman's criticisms were that the ganzfeld papers did not describe optimal protocols, nor were they always accompanied by the appropriate statistical analysis. He presented in his paper a factor analysis that he said demonstrated a link between success and three flaws, namely: Flaws in randomization for choice of target; flaws in randomization in judging procedure; and insufficient documentation. Honorton asked a statistician, David Saunders, to look at Hyman's factor analysis and he concluded that the number of experiments was too small to complete a factor analysis. Additionally, Hyman had chosen his three flaws from a list of nine, and there are 84 ways to select three elements from nine, so Hyman had not corrected for multiple analysis.[14]

In 1986, Hyman and Honorton published A Joint Communiqué, in which they agreed that though the results of the ganzfeld experiments were not due to chance or selective reporting, replication of the studies was necessary before final conclusions could be drawn. They also agreed that more stringent standards were necessary for ganzfeld experiments, and they jointly specified what those standards should be.[15]

In 1983 Honorton had started a series of autoganzfeld experiments at his Psychophysical Research Laboratories. These studies were specifically designed to avoid the same potential problems as those identified in the 1986 joint communiqué issued by Hyman and Honorton. Ford Kross and Daryl Bem, both professional mentalist entertainers (magicians whose specialty is simulating psi effects)[16] examined Honorton's experimental arrangements, and pronounced them to provide excellent security against deception by subjects.[17] In addition to randomization consistent with the specifications of the communiqué, and computer control of the main elements of each test, these autoganzfeld experiments isolated the receiver in a sound-proof steel-walled and electromagnetically shielded room.[18]

The PRL trials continued till September 1989. Of the 354 trials, 122 produced direct hits. This is a 34% hit rate, and is similar statistically to the 37% hit rate of the 1985 meta-analysis (25% is expected by chance). The 34% hit rate is statistically significant with a z score of 3.89, meaning that there is a 1 in 45,000 chance that a hit rate of at least 34% is observed in the experiment when the true hit probability would really be 25%.[16][18]

Concerning these results, Hyman wrote that the final verdict of whether psi can be demonstrated in the ganzfeld awaited the results of future experiments conducted by other independent investigators.

To see if other, post-Joint Communiqué experiments had been as successful as the PRL trials, Julie Milton and Richard Wiseman carried out a meta-analysis of ganzfeld experiments carried out in other laboratories. They found no psi effect, with a database of 30 experiments and a non-significant Stouffer Z of 0.70.[19]

This meta-analysis was criticised for including all ganzfeld experiments, regardless of the methods being used. Some parapsychologists considered that certain researchers had used protocols that were not part of the standard ganzfeld set up, such as targets consisting of music (traditional ganzfeld experiments use visual targets).[20] These experiments did not return significant results. A second meta-analysis was conducted by Daryl Bem, John Palmer, and Richard Broughton in which the experiments were sorted according to how closely they adhered to a pre-existing description of the ganzfeld procedure. Additionally, ten experiments that had been published in the time since Milton and Wiseman's deadline were introduced. Now the results were significant again with Stouffer Z of 2.59.[21]

In a 1995 paper discussing some of the challenges, deficiencies and achievements of modern laboratory parapsychology Ray Hyman said,

[edit] Criticism

There are several common criticisms of some or all of the Ganzfeld experiments:

Isolation — Richard Wiseman and others argue that not all of the studies used soundproof rooms, so it is possible that when videos were playing, the experimenter (or even the receiver) could have heard it, and later given involuntary cues to the receiver during the selection process.[23] However, Dean Radin argues that ganzfeld studies that did use soundproof rooms had a number of "hits" similar to those that did not.[4][18]

Randomization — When subjects are asked to choose from a variety of selections, there is an inherent bias to choose the first selection they are shown. If the order in which they are shown the selections is randomized each time, this bias will be averaged out. The randomization procedures used in the experiment have been criticized for not randomizing satisfactorily.[24]

The psi assumption — The assumption that any statistical deviation from chance is evidence for telepathy is highly controversial, and often compared to the God of the gaps argument. Strictly speaking, a deviation from chance is only evidence that either this was a rare, statistically unlikely occurrence that happened by chance, or something was causing a deviation from chance. Flaws in the experimental design are a common cause of this, and so the assumption that it must be telepathy is fallacious. This does not rule out, however, that it could be telepathy.[25]

[edit] Controversy

In 1979, Susan Blackmore visited the laboratories of Carl Sargent in Cambridge. She noticed a number of irregularities in the procedure and wrote about them for the Journal of the Society for Psychical Research.

1. Sargent did the randomization when he should not have.
   
   
2. A 'B' went missing from the drawer during the session, instead of afterwards.
   
   
3. Sargent came into the judging and 'pushed' the subject towards 'B'.
   
   
4. An error of addition was made in favour of 'B' and 'B' was chosen.
   
   
5. 'B' was the target and the session a direct hit.
   [26]
   
   

This article, along with further criticisms of Sargent's work from Adrian Parker and Nils Wiklund remained unpublished until 1987 but were well known in parapsychological circles. Sargent wrote a rebuttal to these criticisms (also not published until 1987) [27] in which he did not deny that what Blackmore saw occurred, but her conclusions based on those observations were wrong and prejudiced. His co-workers also responded, saying that any deviation from protocol was the result of “random errors” rather than any concerted attempt at fraud.[28] Carl Sargent stopped working in parapsychology after this and did not respond "in a timely fashion" when the Council of the Parapsychological Association asked for his data and so his membership of said organization was allowed to lapse.[29]

Sensory deprivation

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Sensory deprivation or perceptual isolation[1] is the deliberate reduction or removal of stimuli from one or more of the senses. Simple devices such as blindfolds or hoods and earmuffs can cut off sight and hearing respectively, while more complex devices can also cut off the sense of smell, touch, taste, thermoception (heat-sense), and 'gravity'. Sensory deprivation has been used in various alternative medicines and in psychological experiments (e.g., see Isolation tank).

Short-term sessions of sensory deprivation are described as relaxing and conducive to meditation, if sometimes boring; however, extended or forced sensory deprivation can result in extreme anxiety, hallucinations,[2] bizarre thoughts, depression and death.[3]

Contents

[edit] Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy (REST)

[edit] Chamber REST

There are two basic methods of restricted environmental stimulation therapy (REST): chamber REST and flotation REST. In chamber REST, subjects lie on a bed in a completely dark and sound reducing (on average, 80 dB) room for up to 24 hours. Their movement is restricted by the experimental instructions, but not by any mechanical restraints. Food, drink and toilet facilities are provided in the room and are at the discretion of the tester. Subjects are allowed to leave the room before the 24 hours are complete, however fewer than 10% actually do[4].

[edit] Flotation REST

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flotation_tank_SMC.jpg/220px-Flotation_tank_SMC.jpg http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png

Flotation tank with flip top lid opened

In flotation REST, the room contains a tank or pool. The flotation medium consists of a skin-temperature solution of water and Epsom salts at a specific gravity that allows for the patient to float supine without worry of safety. In fact, to turn over while in the solution requires “major deliberate effort.” Fewer than 5% of the subjects tested leave before the session duration ends, which is usually around an hour for flotation REST[4].

For the first forty minutes it is reportedly possible to experience itching in various parts of the body (a phenomenon also reported to be common during the early stages of meditation). The last 20 minutes often end with a transition from beta or alpha brainwaves to theta, which typically occur briefly before sleep and again at waking. In a float tank the theta state can last for several minutes without the subject losing consciousness. Some use the extended theta state as a tool for enhanced creativity and problem-solving or for superlearning. Spas sometimes provide commercial float tanks for use in relaxation. Flotation therapy has been academically studied in the USA and in Sweden with published results showing reduction of both pain and stress[5]. The relaxed state also involves lowered blood pressure and maximal blood flow.

[edit] Statistical Data

Numerous studies have debated which method is a more effective treatment process, however, only one has explored this statistically. 19 subjects, all of whom used chamber and/or flotation REST to induce relaxation and/or treat smoking, obesity, alcohol intake or chronic pain were analyzed. The statistic of interest, d, is a measure of the size of the treatment effect. For reference, d=0.5 is considered a moderate effect and d=0.8 a large effect. The 19 subjects who underwent chamber REST had d=0.53 and 6 flotation REST subjects showed d=0.33. Additionally, when examining subjects undergoing REST treatment and REST in conjunction with another treatment method, there was little difference[6]

[edit] Differences between chamber and flotation REST

Several differences exist between flotation and chamber REST. For example, with the presence of a medium in flotation REST, the subject has reduced tactile stimulation while experiencing weightlessness. Additionally, the addition of Epsom salts to attain the desired specific gravity may have a therapeutic effect on hypertonic muscles. Since one of the main effects of chamber REST has been the resulting state of relaxation, the effects of chamber REST on arousal are less clear-cut, which can be attributed to the nature of the solution[7].

Second, due to the inherent immobilization that is experienced in flotation REST (due to not being able to roll over), which can become uncomfortable after several hours, the subject is unable to experience the session durations of chamber REST, which may not allow the subject to experience that changes in attitudes and thinking that are associated with chamber REST[8] .

Third, the research questions asked between each technique are different. Chamber REST questions stemmed out of research that began in the 1950s and explored a variety of questions about the need for stimulation, nature of arousal and its relationship with external stimulation. Practitioners of this explored its utility in the treatment of major psychiatric dysfunctions such as autism and substance misuse. On the contrary, flotation REST was seen as more of a recreational tool as it was tested more for its use with stress-related disorders, pain reduction and insomnia[4].

[edit] Other uses

The use of REST has been explored in aiding in the cessation of smoking. In studies ranging between 12 months and 5 years, 25% of REST patients achieved long term abstinence. REST, when combined with other effective smoking cessation methods (for example: behavior modification), resulted in long term abstinence of 50%. Lastly, when combined with weekly support groups, REST resulted in 80% of patients achieving long term abstinence. Comparatively, the use of the nicotine patch alone has a success rate of 5%[9].

Alcoholism has been the target of research associated with REST. In conjunction with anti-alcohol educational messages, patients who underwent 2 hours of REST treatment reduced alcohol consumption by 56% in the first two weeks after treatment. The reduction in consumption was maintained during follow-ups conducted 3 and 6 months after first treatment.

Results from a study conducted by Washington State University are listed in the table below[10].

Alcoholic Beverage Consumption (oz/day) Prior to REST 42.7 Immediately post-REST 23.3 3 months post-REST 16.0 6 months post-REST 12.7 Lastly, REST has been tested to determine its effect on drug abusers. A University of Arizona study used chamber REST as a complement to traditional outpatient substance abuse treatment and found that 43% of the patients after 4 years continued to be sober and drug-free. No one in the control group remained clean after 8 months[11].

[edit] Negative Effects

Studies have been conducted to test the effect of sensory deprivation on the brain. One study took 19 volunteers, all of whom tested in the lower and upper 20th percentiles on a questionnaire which measures the tendency of healthy people to see things not really there, and placed them into a pitch black, soundproof booth for 15 minutes. After, they completed another test, which measures psychosis-like experiences which was originally used to study recreational drug users. Five people reported seeing hallucinations of faces, six reported seeing shapes/faces not actually there, four noted a heightened sense of smell and two people reported sensing a "presence of evil" in the room. Not surprisingly, people who scored lower on the first test experienced fewer perceptual distortions, however, still reported seeing a variety of delusions and hallucinations.

The cause of the hallucinations is up to debate, however, there are two main theories that exist. First, it's thought that sensory deprivation has an effect, which is very similar to ketamine or cannabis in being psychosis-inducing[citation needed]. These studies were also the first to suggest the idea that sensory deprivation can lead to symptoms of psychosis. Second, it's believed that psychosis occurs in sensory deprivation chambers because the brain misidentifies the source of what it is currently experiencing, a phenomenon called faulty source monitoring[12].

[edit] José Padilla

See: José Padilla

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Jose_Padilla_at_the_Navy_Consolidated_Brig.jpg/180px-Jose_Padilla_at_the_Navy_Consolidated_Brig.jpg http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png

Jose Padilla at the Navy Consolidated Brig.

Padilla was convicted of aiding terrorists in 2007 and was sentenced to 17 years, 4 months in prison. While awaiting trial, reports surfaced that he was being tortured for information with the use of sensory deprivation for weeks at a time. For 1,307 days, Padilla was kept in a 9' x 7' cell with no natural light, clock or calendar. Whenever Padilla left his cell, he was shackled and fitted with heavy goggles and headphones. His counsel argues that while he was being interrogated Padilla was subjected to harsh lights and pounding sounds. While meeting with his counsel, they reported Padilla exhibiting facial tics, random eye movements and unusual contortions of his body. According to them, Padilla had become so "shattered" that he became convinced his lawyers were part of a continuing interrogation program and saw his captors as protectors[12].

[edit] "Total Isolation"

In January 2008, the BBC aired a special entitled "Total Isolation." The premise of the show centered around 6 individuals who agreed to be shut inside a cell in a nuclear bunker, alone and in the dark. Prior to isolation, the volunteers underwent tests of visual memory, information processing, verbal fluency and suggestibility. After, they spent two days and two nights in isolation. The subjects noted that their inability to sense time and the hallucinations and visions that they experienced made the 48 hours inside the cell very difficult on their mind.

Of the six volunteers, two coped well. One woman was convinced her sheets were wet. Three experienced auditory and visual hallucinations - snakes, oysters, tiny cars and zebras. After the 48 hours was complete, the same tests were conducted. The results indicated that the volunteers' ability to complete the simplest tasks had deteriorated. One subject's memory capacity fell 36% and all the subjects had trouble thinking of words beginning with the letter "F". All four of the men (neither of the two women) had markedly increased suggestibility[13] .

never. bunları buldum baya detaya girmiş etkileri sonuçları eleştiriler var bir bak olmazsa önemli yeleri boş bir zamanımda çeviriyim

umarım işine yarar

Teşekkür ederim ikinizede ..

Çevirmeye başladım umarım çabuk biter de paylaşırız burada

Evde Ganzfeld deneyimi yasamak icin gerekenler:

1-Ganzfeld gozlukleri (yapimi asagidadir)

2-Kulaklik

3-Whie Noise kaynagi(bos bir FM kanalina ayarlanmis radyo)

4-Kirmizi ampul takilmis calisma lambasi(Sart degil)

Ganzfeld Google yapimi soyledir:

Seffaf yuzucu gozlugu al

http://blog.lincomatic.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/swimgoggles.jpg

Buzlu cam boyasi al

http://blog.lincomatic.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/frostspray.jpg

Yuzucu gozluk camlarini lastiginden ayirip ic ve disini iki veya ucer kez arada 10 dakikalik kuruma sureleri birakarak boya.

http://blog.lincomatic.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/googlesspray.jpg

Camlari tekrar lastiklerine tak

http://blog.lincomatic.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/ganzgoggles.jpg

Daha sonra rahat bir koltuk (tercihen arkaya da yatabilen TV koltuklarindan) bul. Yuzune denk gelecek sekilde karsi tarafina bir calisma lambasina kirmizi ampul tak(sart degil-burada onemli olan gozune gozlukten suzulen isik miktar ve dagiliminin mumkun oldugunca homojen olmasi. Bu sartlari baska bir sekilde saglayabiliyorsan bu adimi atla). Bir el radyosunu bos bir FM kanalina ayarla ve orta veya hafif yuksek seste kulaklikla kulagina tak. Ya da android veya apple storedan telefonuna white noise programi indirip de kullanabilirsin. Hatta bu daha iyi olur cunku herhangi bir parazit durumu olmaz. Sonra rahatca otur-uzan ve gozlugunu tak. Simdi sen de Ganzfeld deneyini uyguluyorsun. Haydi rastgele...

Edit: Haydi size bir guzellik yapayim ve parazitsiz radyo kanali bulma veya application indirme derdinden kurtarayim. Asagida benim uretmis oldugum white noise icin linki bulabilirsiniz. Ayrica yine ayni yerde ve yine bana ait 16 dakikalik 4.5Hz Theta Isochronic kayit bulabilirsiniz. Ne ise yarayacagini siz biliyorsunuzdur zaten. Ancak zamanla bos alan ihtiyacima gore bu link olebilir. Uyarmadi demeyin.

Iyi dinlemeler...